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thumb Crystal Catherine Eastman (June 25, 1881 – July 8, 1928)〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica )〕 was an American lawyer, antimilitarist, feminist, socialist, and journalist. She is best remembered as a leader in the fight for women's suffrage, as a co-founder and co-editor with her brother Max Eastman of the radical arts and politics magazine ''The Liberator,'' co-founder of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and co-founder in 1920 of the American Civil Liberties Union. In 2000 she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. ==Early life and education== Crystal Eastman was born in Marlborough, Massachusetts, on June 25, 1881, the third of four children. In 1883 their parents, Samuel Elijah Eastman and Annis Bertha Ford, moved the family to Canandaigua, New York, where her brother Max was born. The following year their older brother died at age seven. In 1889, their mother became one of the first women ordained as a Protestant minister in America when she became a minister of the Congregationalist Church.〔Ida Harper Husted, “A Woman Minister Who Presides Over a Large Eastern Church.” ''The San Francisco Chronicle,'' 27 January 1901.〕 Her father was also a Congregation minister, and the two served as pastors at the church of Thomas K. Beecher near Elmira. This part of New York was in the so-called "Burnt Over District." During the Second Great Awakening earlier in the 19th century, its frontier had been a center of evangelizing and much religious excitement, which resulted in the founding of the Shakers and Mormonism. During the antebellum period, some were inspired by religious ideals to support such progressive social causes as abolitionism and the Underground Railroad. Crystal and her brother Max Eastman were influenced by this progressive tradition. Their parents were friendly with the writer Mark Twain. From this association young Crystal also became acquainted with him. (詳細はsocialist activist Max Eastman, with whom she was quite close throughout her life.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = National Women's History Museum )〕 The two lived together for several years on 11th Street in Greenwich Village among other radical activists.〔Robert E. Humphrey, ''Children of Fantasy: The First Rebels of Greenwich Village'' (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978)〕 The group, including Ida Rauh, Inez Milholland, Floyd Dell, and Doris Stevens, also spent summers and weekends in Croton-on-Hudson.〔Max Eastman, ''Love and Revolution: My Journey Through an Epoch,'' (New York: Random House, 1964): 79–81.〕 Eastman graduated from Vassar College in 1903 and received an M.A. in sociology (a relatively new field) from Columbia University in 1904. Gaining her law degree from New York University Law School, she graduated second in the class of 1907.〔〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Vassar College: Innovators )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crystal Eastman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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